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Product of Factors

Perfect square as a product of two factors

In case of perfect square number we have odd number of factors i.e. the number of factors are odd hence in that case required number of ways in which we can write perfect square number as a product of its two factors are (n – 1)/2 if we do not include the square root of the number and (n + 1 )/2 if we include the square root of the number. So number of ways to express a perfect square as product of two different factors (that means excluding its square root) is
½ {(p + 1)(q + I)(r + I) … – 1)}. And if we include the square root then required numbs 1/2 {(p+1)(q+1)(r+1) … +1}

Let’s take one example to understand this.
Example 2: In how many ways you can express 36 as the product of two of its factors?
Solution : Step 1: Prime factorization of 36 i.e. we write 36 = 22 x 32
Step 2: Number of factors of 36 will be (2+1)(2+1)=9 (i.e. factors are 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36)
Step 3: Since we are asked total number of ways hence we include square root of 36 i.e. 6 as well. Thus number of ways you can express 36 as the product of two of its factors is (9+1)/2=5

Product of two co-prime numbers

To express the number as a product of co-prime factors we will use the following steps:

Step 1:Write Prime factorisation of given number i.e. convert the number in the form where p1, p2,p3…..pn are prime numbers and a,b,c….. are natural numbers as their respective powers.
Step 2: In the above step we have n prime numbers then the number of ways to express the number as the product of two co prime numbers =2n-1
Because two primes are always co-prime and after we pick 1 prime the other prime can be picked in 2n-1ways.Hence number of ways in which we can write given number as a product of two co prime factors =2n-1

Example 1: In how many ways you can write 315 as product of two of its co-prime factors.
Solution:

Step 1: Prime factorization of 315 i.e. we write 315  = 32 x 51 x 71
Step2: In above step 3 prime numbers are used. Hence number of ways are 23-1 = 4.Infact we can mention these cases as well 9×35, 5 x 63, 7 x 45, 15 x 21.

Remember: The number of numbers, which are less than N= pa qb rc(where p, q, r are prime numbers and the a,b,c are natural numbers as
their respective powers)and are co-prime to N is given by   $N\left\{ \left( 1-\frac{1}{p} \right)\left( 1-\frac{1}{q} \right)\left( 1-\frac{1}{r} \right) \right\}$

Product of all the factors

To find product of all the factors we follow the following steps:

Step1: Prime factorization N= apbqcr
Step2: Number of factors   (say X)
Step3: Product of all the factors is given by =  NX/2

Example 2: Find the product of all the factors of 120 ?
Solution:
Step 1: Prime factorization : = 23X51X31
Step2: Number of factors are ( 3+1)(1+1)(1+1)= 16
Step 3: Product of all the factors =( 23X51X31)16/2 =(120)8

Number of Co-Prime Numbers that are less than Given Number
When number n is written in the form of n = apbqcr ….. where a, b, c …. are the numbers. The number of co-primes to number n and also less than n is given by . This is also denoted by $n\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{a} \right)\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{b} \right)\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{c} \right)$
N(o) Euler’s totient.
And sum of all these co-primes are given by N × N(Ø)=$\frac{{{n}^{2}}}{2}\left( 1-\frac{1}{a} \right)\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{b} \right)\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{c} \right)$ ……..

Example 1: Find the number of co-primes to 90 that are less than 90.
Solution:
Since 90 = 21 × 32 × 51 so number of numbers that are less than 90 and co-prime to 90
is 90(Ø) $=90\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{2} \right)\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{3} \right)\,\left( 1-\frac{1}{5} \right)=24$

Example 2: Find the sum of all the co-prime numbers to 90 and less than 90.

Solution:
Sum of all the co-prime numbers less than 90 is 90 × 90(Ø) = 90 × 24 = 2160

Product of all the Factors

Write the number in prime factorization format N = apbqcr …..
We know that number of factors of N is given by n(F)= (p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1).
Then product of all the factors of given by
Let us understand this by taking one example.

Example 3: Find the product of all the factors of 60.
Solution:
1st we will list down all the factors of 60 these are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60.
Now we will list down all these factors in the form of prime factorization form
1 = 203050
2 = 213050
3 = 203150
and so on then product of all these factors is
(203050)(21)(31)(22)(51)(2131)(2151)(2231)(3151)(2251)(213151)(223151)

= (21+2+1+1+2+2+1+2)(31+1+1+1+1+1)(51+1+1+1+1+1)
= (223151)6 = 606

Example 4: find the product of all the factors of 100.

Solution:
Product of all the factors is calculated as we have done in previous example –
(1)(21)(22)(51)(2151)(2251)(52)(2152)(2252) = (21+2+1+2+1+2)(51+1+1+2+2+2) = (2252)9/2 = 2959

Pair of Factors that are Co-Prime to each other

Write the given number in prime factorization format n = apbq (If number has two prime factors) then number of pairs of factors which are co-prime to each other
= (p +1)(q+ 1) + pq =2pq +(p +q) +1

Let us understand the logic behind this with an example:
Example 5: How many pairs of factors of number 108 such that they are co-prime to each other?

Solution:

We know that 108 = 2233 let two factors are a and b, it is given that they are co-prime to each other.
Case (i) when A = 1, then B can take any factor of 108 so total (2+1)(3+1) such pairs exist.
Case (ii) when A = 21 then we have B = 31 or 32 or 33 = 3 such numbers
Case (iii) when A = 22 then we have B = 31 or 32 or 33 = 3 such numbers
Hence total such numbers is (2+1)(3+1) +2 ×3 = 12 + 6 = 18
Now let us generalize if number is in the form of N = apbq

Let the above number has two factors as (A, B) and they are Co-prime to each other now to find such pairs let us see different cases: –
Case (i): When A = 1 then B can be any factor of number N hence total such values are (p + 1)(q + 1)
Case (ii): When A = ax then B can take any value from 31, or 32 or ….. 3q for one value of ‘x’ there exist ‘q’ such values of B and number of possible values of ‘x’ is ‘p’ hence total such pairs are ‘pq
Hence total number of such pairs are (p + 1)(q + 1)+ pq = 1+ (p + q) + 2pq

Example 6: How many pairs of factors of number 196 such that they are co-prime to each other?
Solution:
We know that 196 = 22 × 72 in this case we have only 2 prime factors hence number of such pairs is given by 1 +4 + 2 × 4 = 13 pairs
If three prime factors then Number n = apbqcr
Let the above number has two factors as (A, B) and they are co-prime to each other now to find such pairs let us see different cases:

Case (i): When A = 1 then B can assume any value from all the factors of number n and total such values of B is (p + 1)(q+ 1)(r +1) = pqr + pq + pr + qr + 1

Case (ii): When A is in the form ax (Total p such value of x exist) then B can assume any factor of number bqcr except 0, and total number of factors of bqcr except 1 is qr hence total such pairs  is ‘pqr’.
Similarly when A is in the form of by and cz then also we will get ‘pqr’ such pairs. Hence total such pairs in this format is 3pqr.

Case (iii): When a is in the form of ax (Total q such values of x exist) and B is in the form of by (y can assume q values) total such pairs are pq, similarly for the combination of ax & cz and by & cz we will get pr and qr such pairs respectively. So total number of such pairs is pq + pr + qr
Hence total number of pairs is 1+ (p+q + r)+ 2(pq +pr + qr) + 4pqr

Example 7: How many pairs of factors of number 300 such that they are co-prime to each other?
Solution:
Since  300 = 22 × 31 × 52 here we have three prime factors hence number of such pairs is given by the formula 1 + (p +q +r)+2(pq +pr +qr)+4pqr here p = 2, q = 1 and r = 2
Hence number of such pairs is 1 +5 + 2 (2 + 2 + 4) = 22 pairs.

Example 8: How many pairs of factors of number 2700 such that they are co-prime to each other?
Solution:
Since 2700 = 22 × 33 × 52 here we have three prime factors hence number of such pairs is given by the formula 1 + (p +q +r) +2(pq +pr +qr) +4pqr here p = 2, q = 3 and r = 2
Hence number of such pairs is 1 + 7+ 2 (6 + 6 + 4) = 1+ 7 + 32 = 40 pairs.
Pairs of Factors that are co-prime to Each Other
In all cases let n has total number of factors as F then
N = apbq then number of such pairs = 1 + (p + q) + 2pq
N = apbqcr then number of such pairs 1 + (p + q + r) +2(pq +pr +qr) + 4pqr
If N = apbqcrds then number of such pairs 1 + (p +q +r +s) +2 (pq +pr + ps +qr +qs +rs)+ 4(pqr +pqs +prs + qrs)+ 8 pqrs
If N = $({{x}_{1}}^{n1})\,({{x}_{2}}^{n2})…..({{x}_{k}}^{nk})$ then number of such pairs are $=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{k}{\left( Tn \right)}$ here$Tn=\left( {{2}^{n-1}} \right)\,\{\,\sum\limits_{n=1}^{n}{x1.x2.xn}\}$
Or to further generalize it number of such pairs is $\sum\limits_{n=1}^{n}{\left[ \left( 2n-1 \right)\left\{ \sum\limits_{n=1}^{n}{x1.x2.xn} \right\} \right]}$

Assignment:

Questions:

1: In how many ways can you express 216 as a product of two of its factors?
a) 4
b) 6
c) 8
d) 9

Solution:
Step 1: 216 = 2333
Step 2: Number of factors are (3+1)(3+1) = 4 x 4= 16
Step 3:  So number of ways ½ (4)(4) = 8

2: Find the sum of factors of 216.

a) 950
b) 850
c) 600
d) 1000
Solution:
Step 1: 216 = 2333
Step 2: Sum of factors = (20+21+22+23)(30+31+32+33)= 15 x 40 = 600

3:In how many ways you can write 200 as product of two of its co-prime factors.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 8

Step1: 200 = 2352
Hence number of ways are 22-1 = 2.Infact we can mention these cases as well 8 x 25,
1 x 100.

4: In how many ways you can write 10890 as product of two of its co-prime factors.
a) 7
b) 3
c) 31
d) 15